Country: Bihar, India
Group: Ho
Date: October 23rd, 2023
Team: Jhanz Marco Garcia (lead), Teagen Allen, Rebekah Dilks
Content Warnings: Sexual Violence
Approximate Time Period: 1850s-Present
The Ho are the fourth largest scheduled tribe in India. They refer to themselves as Ho, Hodoko, and Horo meaning “human” in their native language (Odisha State Tribal Museum, n.d.). Since the colonial period in India, settlers and state military forces have forced Adivasi communities, comprising the Ho, off their land, constraining them to exploitative labor (Kannabiran, 2016). Prominent forms of labor among the Ho are agriculture and mining. Reports from 1982 reveal that Ho women have been forced into manual labor and have been left vulnerable to sexual assault from the diku or “outsiders” (Kannabiran, 2016). As part of violent state counter-insurgency offensives, the Indian Armed Forces collectively sexually assault Ho women (Devy & Davis, 2020).
Data Quality was rated a 1/3 due to the fact that Evidence supporting cases of sexual assault against Ho people are credible but are sparse.
Sources
- Devy, G. N., & Davis, G. V. (2020). Gender and Rights. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.com/books?id=GMHyDwAAQBAJ
- Kannabiran, K. (2016). Constitutional geographies and cartographies – JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44166673
- Odisha State Tribal Museum | Munda. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.ostm.in/tribes_of_odisha/munda/