Country: China

Group: Hani/Ho

Date Finalized: October 19, 2021

Team: Amanda Nelson (lead), Omer Carrillo, Lauren Poklar, Kamaria Boyston, and Analisa Jimenez

Content Warning: forced labor, forced relocation

Approximate Time Period: 1850-1920

Evidence indicates Hani have faced forced displacement in China. Based on available evidence, the data quality is a 2/3.

The Hani population currently represents approximately 0.1 percent of China’s population, and have been described as the least assimilated minority group throughout China (Hays, 2015; Song, 2021). The Hani made their home in the Yunnan Province prior to the 19th century. They used agriculture and farming as their primary income (Hays, 2015; Tam, 1988). The Hani were forced to flee the Yunnan Provence beginning in the mid-19th century through the early-20th century due to an influx of Han migration in conjunction with local uprisings (Hays, 2015). The Hani also defied the Qing Dynasty’s inflated taxes on their forced farming of opioids (Williams, 2020). The Hani fled to numerous other regions across southern China. Some of the Hani people left China altogether for Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand (Hays, 2015; Williams, 2020). There are no other current updates to the Hani people.

Sources

  1. Hays, J. (2015, July). Chapter 3: Hani (akha) minority and their history. Facts and Details. Retrieved October 2, 2021, from https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat5/sub31/item176.html#chapter-3
  2. Song, C. (2021, October 3). Hani minority – among the most traditional in China. The Hani Ethnicity – A Traditional Minority in China. Retrieved October 2, 2021, from https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/nationality/hani.htm
  3. Tam, S.-M., & Wu, D. Y. H. (1988). Minorities Policy in the People’s Republic of China: Its Implications in Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 16(2), 78–95. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24491110
  4. Williams, V. (2020). Hani. In Indigenous peoples: An encyclopedia of culture, history, and threats to survival (Vol. 2, pp. 422–425). essay, ABC-CLIO, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC